Caries indicators in relation to healthcare access and hygienic-dietary habits in Spanish preschoolers.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries continues to be a public healthcare problem due to its high prevalence and morbidity. It was proposed to evaluate caries indicators in relation to healthcare access and hygienic-dietary habits in Spanish preschoolers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a random sample consisting of 343 patients ranging from 3 to 5 years of age in the primary care setting, the main measurements were: dental care access, hygienic-dietary habits, and caries registration according to WHO criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 35.3% and mean ± standard deviation (SD) dft was 1.51 ± 2.93. Preschoolers who had ever visited the dentist had a higher dft occurrence than those who had never attended the dentist. The lower prevalence of caries was significantly associated with the frequency of two daily brushings versus non-daily brushing (p = 0.007; 25.3% vs. 47.1%) and was 10.7% lower in patients who had the habit of night brushing (p = 0.041). The consumption of sugary liquids between meals implied a higher dft index. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of early childhood caries and the dental care access associated with poor oral health suggest the need to implement a multidisciplinary oral healthcare program that involves both healthcare and dental healthcare professionals in Primary Health Care Units without forgetting the participation of the community and local administrations.

Relevance of Sociocultural Inequalities and Parents' Origins in Relation to the Oral Health of Preschoolers in Lanzarote, Spain.

Approaching inequalities to achieve health equity requires joint action. Early childhood caries affects disadvantaged population groups. The objective of this study was to determine the relevance of sociocultural inequalities and parental origin with respect to oral health in preschool children in Lanzarote. A transversal epidemiological study was carried out. Sociocultural data and information about parental origin were collected via a questionnaire. The decayed and filled teeth (dft), decayed teeth (dt), filled teeth (ft), restorative index (RI), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were obtained via an investigator's examination. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that children of semi-skilled manual workers (28.15%) had the highest prevalence of caries (46.9%). Additionally 43.7 of the mothers had second grade and first cycle studies. When relating the medium and high level of education, there were statistically significant differences in relation to the cod index (p = 0.046). When the origin was foreign (48.4%), preschoolers presented 10.7% more active or untreated caries than Spaniards (p = 0.038). Low socioeconomic cultural level and foreign origin is associated with a more deficient state of oral health in preschoolers. Oral health programs are needed to minimize social inequalities.

Prevalence of Possible Sleep Bruxism and Its Association with Social and Orofacial Factors in Preschool Population.

The prevalence of bruxism in the preschool population varies according to different investigations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep bruxism and its relationship with social and orofacial factors in children aged 3 to 5 years. Three hundred forty-three preschool children were divided into two groups, one with nocturnal bruxism, as reported by parents, and another without this disorder. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents to determine the children's family social status and parafunctional habits at the time of the study. The clinical inspection confirmed the presence of certain parafunctional habits and the children's occlusal characteristics. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency chi-square tests to identify the influence of qualitative variables. Of the total sample, 28.9% of preschoolers presented sleep bruxism. The highest prevalence was observed in boys (61.6%) at the age of 5 years (41.4%). Characteristics associated with this pathology were lip incompetence, open bite, crossbite, and overbite, with p < 0.05. Sleep bruxism in preschool children has a higher prevalence in boys and is more frequently expressed from 5 years of age. Open bite, overbite, and crossbite should be considered factors associated with parafunction.

Study Regarding the Optimal Dimension of Intraoral Bitewing Radiographs in Patients with Primary Dentition.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum dimensions of a radiographic plate to allow correct visualization of dental tissues and correct fit in the oral cavity of children with deciduous dentition. A quasi-experimental clinical study was carried out in children of both sexes aged between 3 and 5 years. The study variables were the complete visualization of the dental structures, the surveillance of ischemia on soft tissues, stimulation of the gag reflex, and acceptance of the radiographic plate by the pediatric patient through a validated visual analogue scale that measures anxiety. The data obtained were subjected to a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis carried out for both study phases. A total of 80 children participated in the study. The optimal dimensions obtained for the radiographic plate were 19.5 mm in height and 27.3 mm in width. Visualization of the dental tissues during both phases was not statistically significant (p = 0.412). However, there were statistically significant differences regarding the presence of ischemia, gag reflex, and child rejection (p < 0.001). A smaller radiographic plate allows correct visualization of the coronal dental tissues without causing rejection, ischemia, or gag reflex in patients in the deciduous dentition.

Influence of occlusion and mandibular position on foot support and head posture in adult patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study postural changes, taking into account different mandibular positions and the cephalic and plantar body segments. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive, clinical, and observational study was carried out on 76 patients, (mean age 28.79 years), in whom body posture and plantar support were evaluated in the maximum mandibular intercuspal position and the mandibular rest position without dental contact. RESULTS: When the mandibular position was altered, 71.01% of the patients showed changes in the bipupillary line (p = 0.008), while those who did not show such changes did, however, show changes in plantar support. More than 85% of the sample experienced alterations in the plantar plane when the mandibular position was changed, with statistically significant results (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a positive relationship between the different segments in body posture. In the sample, changes in plantar support with respect to the different mandibular positions were noticeable.

Review on Mandibular Muscle Kinematics.

The complexity of mandibular dynamics encourages constant research as a vehicle to improve oral health. The gold standard motion capture system might help us to understand its functioning and its relation to body position, aiming to perform an exhaustive bibliographic review in the Dentistry field. Six different electronic databases were used (Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus) in April 2022. The selection criteria includes a biography, critical analysis, and the full text from 1984 to April 2022, based on the odontological gold standard, whether or not in combination with additional devices. Clinical cases, bibliographic reviews or meta-analysis and grey literature were excluded. The checklist of the critical assessment methodology by Joanna Brigs was used (JBI). After choosing scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals, 23 out of 186 investigations were classified as eligible with a total of 384 participants. The issue being addressed is related to the speech properties, posture and body movement in relation to dento-oro-facial muscle and facial analysis, mandibular kinematics and mandibular dynamics during the mastication process. The markers arrangement depends on the dynamic to be analysed. From a physiologic and pathologic perspective, the applications of the optic system are relevant in Dentistry. The scarcity of literature obtained implies the need for future research.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBTC) Applied to the Study of Root Morphological Characteristics of Deciduous Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

Pulp therapy in primary teeth is a challenge for a dentist, therefore, a better understanding of the anatomical characteristics of this tissue is essential to remedy these deficiencies. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological peculiarities of the root canals of extracted deciduous molars by Cone-Beam computed tomography (CBCT). As such, healthy molars without physiological resorption were collected and sanitized. After analyzing descriptive and inferential statistics, the results show that 56% of lower molar roots have a Weine's type III canal configuration; the upper and lower second molars are significantly larger compared to the first, with a mean of 8.318 (±1.313) mm and 7.757 (±1.286) mm, respectively. Additionally, the palatine canals exhibited greater volume than the others, with a mean of 3.687 mm3. There are multiple discrepancies in the molars that have been studied in other investigations. The presence of a supernumerary root in the mandibular molars, a smaller dimension of the root canals and a more evident apical angulation are more obvious. The discovery of great anatomical versatility in the posterior dental group is an aspect applicable to root therapy.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Pulp Chamber and Coronal Tooth of Primary Molars: An In Vitro Study.

The anatomical variability of primary molars promotes research to improve clinical restorative activity, forensic identification, and industrial development. The objective was to study the morphology of the pulp chamber and its three-dimensional relationship with the external morphology of the tooth. A total of 151 deciduous molars were collected and subjected to three-dimensional imaging analysis in order to determine dental crown (CV) and pulp chamber (PV) volumes, their ratio (VR), pulp chamber roof (PCR) and pulp chamber floor (PCF) area, the furcation length (FD), and morphological peculiarities. The data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS 26 software. The statistical analysis determined statistically significant differences between the four groups of molars for all variables. Great anatomical variability was observed, especially in the maxillary first molar, the volumes were higher in the maxillary second molar and the highest risk of furcal perforation was seen in the mandibular first molar. Additionally, mandibular second molars with six pulp horns, and some different density images compatible with accessory canals and pulp stones were found. Based on the findings of this investigation, we confirm the great anatomical variability that exists between the maxillary and mandibular molars.

Evaluation of the Severity of Malocclusion in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Occlusion is the way in which the dental arches are related to each other and depends on craniofacial growth and development. It is affected in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) who present altered craniofacial development. The malocclusion present in 49 patients diagnosed with different types of OI aged between 4 and 18 was studied. The control group of healthy people was matched for age, sex, and molar class. To study the mixed and permanent dentition, the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) discrepancy Index was applied. The primary dentition was evaluated with a Temporary Dentition Occlusion Analysis proposed for this study. The OI group obtained higher scores in the Discrepancy Index than the control group, indicating a high difficulty of treatment. The most significant differences were found in types III and IV of the disease. Regarding the variables studied, the greatest differences were found in the presence of lateral open bite in patients with OI, and in the variable "others" (agenesis and ectopic eruption). The analysis of primary dentition did not show significant differences between the OI and control groups. Patients with OI have more severe malocclusions than their healthy peers. Malocclusion is related to the severity of the disease and may progress with age.

Evaluation of the Relationship between the Weight and Height Percentiles and the Sequence and Chronology of Eruption in Permanent Dentition.

The standard eruption of the permanent dentition in growing patients is influenced by multiple environmental factors. The objective of this research was to study the relationship between height and weight percentiles and the eruption of the permanent dentition. The design of the study was transversal based on the review of the clinical history, visual dental inspection, weight and height indicators, and their respective percentiles in patients in the mixed and definitive dentition stage. The descriptive and comparative analysis of the data was carried out with the statistical software R version 4.1.1. The sample size was 725 participants. The mean age of eruption of the first tooth was 8.0. The eruption sequence in the upper arch was first molar, central and lateral incisor, first premolar, canine, second premolar, and second molar. In the lower arch, the eruption sequence was: central incisor, first molar, lateral incisor, canine, first and second premolar, and second molar. The most frequent weight percentile was P50-97 (50.34%) and height P3-50 (53.38%). Weight (0.0129; 0.0426; 0.0495; 0.000166) and height (0.00768; 0.00473; 0.00927; 10-5) variables significantly influenced dental eruption. The factor that most influences the eruption of the permanent dentition is the height percentile.

Evaluation of the Relationship between the BMI and the Sequence and Chronology of Eruption in Permanent Dentition in Spanish Population.

The aim was to analyze the relationship between BMI (body mass index) and the sequence and chronology of the eruption of permanent teeth in a sample of Spanish children. Methods: The study design was descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, and epidemiological. Patients of pediatric age were included. Emerged teeth, and patient's age, race, and sex were recorded. The nutritional status of the child was assessed by calculating the BMI, according to the WHO parameters. Statistical analysis was carried out with a confidence interval of 95%. A prediction model with logistic regression models was obtained. Results: A total of 725 pediatric patients between 4 and 14 years old were analyzed. BMI acts as a predictor variable for eruption symmetry, as it was most frequent in overweight children (p < 0.001). The probability of symmetry in dental eruption increases for South American children, for an extra month of age, and each meter of height. BMI had an influence in the first tooth to appear only in the fourth quadrant. BMI did not seem to influence present teeth, and the sequence of permanent dental eruption was not influenced by the BMI category. Conclusions: Age, weight, height, and BMI act as significant predictors for eruption symmetry. BMI does not produce alterations in the eruption sequence of the permanent dentition.

Cronología y secuencia de erupción de la dentición permanente. Actualización en la población infantil española / Chronology and sequence of the permanent dentition. A review in spanish children population

Estudiar la emergencia y secuencia deerupción es indispensable para establecer protocolos de prevención y tratamientos a nivel odontopediátrico, ortodóncicoy forense. En 1933 se estableció el iniciode la erupción definitiva a los 6 años y sutérmino a los 13 a excepción de los cordales. Sin embargo, posteriormente se hanobservado variaciones determinadas porfactores raciales, hormonales, mejoras enla alimentación y parámetros corporales.Con el objetivo de conocer posibles cambios en la cronología y secuencia de erupción en dentición permanente y poblaciónespañola se ha llevado a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en los buscadoresPubmed, Scielo, Dentistry y Oral Science.Empleando una estrategia avanzada conoperadores boleanos “AND” y “OR”. Losresultados obtenidos advierten de unaemergencia de la dentición permanentemás precoz en el sexo femenino. Los autores coinciden en que el primer diente enerupcionar es el incisivo central inferior yel último el segundo molar superior. Sinembargo, en cuanto a la edad media dela emergencia del primer diente no hayconsenso.Los dientes permanentes mandibulareserupcionaban antes que los maxilares.La secuencia de erupción más prevalente en la Arcada superior es: primer molar, incisivo central, incisivo lateral, primerpremolar, segundo premolar, canino ysegundo molar. Y en la inferior: incisivocentral, primer molar, incisivo lateral, canino, primer premolar, segundo premolary molar. Se concluyó que existía una correlación directa entre el tiempo de erupción de los dientes temporales y la de los permanentes canine, first premolar, second premolar and second molar.To conclude, we noticed an extremely direct relation between the eruption time of the temporal teeth and thepermanent teeth (AU)

In order, to develop prevention andtreatment protocols in pediatric,orthodontic and forensic dentistry, it isvitally needed to study the sequence andchronology of eruption of the permanentteeth. Logan and Kronfield establishedthat the eruption of permanent teethstarted at the age of six and finished atthe age of 13, except the third permanentmolars. Nevertheless, in later studies thisrange of age has been modified due toan early puberty, an improvement in thenutrition and due to other factors, suchas, race, weight, and heigh. Our objectiveis to get to know the current situationabout the chronology and sequence ofpermanent dentition.We did a bibliographic review in differentweb browsers, such as, PubMed, Scieloand Dentistry and Oral Science. Weapplied an advanced strategy searchingwith “AND” and “OR”. The results warn usthat the permanent teeth erupted earlieralways in the female sex. All the authorsagree that the first tooth to erupt is thelower central incisor and the last one isthe upper second molar. Despite this fact,regarding the media age of eruption therewas not agreement between the authors.Therefore, we can conclude thatpermanent teeth erupt before in themandible than in the maxilar. The mostprevalent sequence in the maxilar was:first molar, central incisor, lateral incisor,first premolar, second premolar, canineand second molar. In the mandible was:central incisor, first molar, lateral incisor(AU)

Root resorption pattern in panoramic radiographs of pediatric patients with unilateral posterior crossbite: a cross-sectional and retrospective study / Patrón de reabsorción radicular en radiografías panorámicas de pacientes pediátricos con mordida cruzada posterior unilateral: estudio transversal y retrospectivo

SUMMARY: temporary mandibular molars in panoramic radiographs of pediatric patients with unilateral posterior crossbite (UPCB). This cross-sectional and retrospective study analyzed 114 orthopantomograms of patients between 6 - 9 years of age with unilateral posterior crossbite diagnosis. The first and second mandibular molars were analyzed. Their root resorption stage was typified, and the root lengths were measured; to later compare the data obtained depending on the malocclusion side. 86.4 % of molars showed a linear resorption pattern, and atypical resorption prevalence in patients with UPCB was 13.5 %. The total length average of the first molars on the side of the malocclusion was 8.20 mm, while the contralateral exhibited a mean of 9.29 mm. Lastly, the second molars had a mean length of 11.12 mm in crossbite side and 12.30 mm in the normal occlusion side. UPCB could affect physiological resorption by observing a resorption alteration in those mandibular molars located on the malocclusion side.

RESUMEN: El trabajo de este estudio se realizó en molares mandibulares temporales en radiografías panorámicas de pacientes pediátricos con mordida cruzada posterior unilateral (MCPU). Este estudio transversal y retrospectivo analizó 114 ortopantomografías de pacientes entre 6 - 9 años de edad con diagnóstico de mordida cruzada posterior unilateral. Se analizaron los primeros y segundos molares mandibulares. Se tipificó su estado de reabsorción radicular y se midió la longitud de las raíces; para luego comparar los datos obtenidos según el lado de la maloclusión. El 86,4 % de los molares mostró un patrón de reabsorción lineal y la prevalencia de reabsorción atípica en pacientes con MCPU fue del 13,5 %. El promedio de longitud total de los primeros molares del lado de la maloclusión fue de 8,20 mm, mientras que el contralateral exhibió una media de 9,29 mm. Por último, los segundos molares tenían una longitud media de 11,12 mm en el lado de mordida cruzada y de 12,30 mm en el lado de oclusión normal. La MCPU podría afectar la reabsorción fisiológica al observar una alteración de la reabsorción en aquellos molares mandibulares ubicados en el lado de la maloclusión.

Airways cephalometric norms from a sample of Caucasian Children.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of the respiratory pattern and the analysis of airway dimension using lateral cephalometric radiographs include the study of the adenoid region, free air space of the nasopharynx and oropharynx, soft palate and posterior part of the tongue. The objective of this study is to identify the airways cephalometric norms from a sample of Caucasian children, in relation to gender, age and type of malocclusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 480 patients of both sexes were included in the study, the age ranged between 6-12 years. The radiographic records were analyzed using the Nemoceph® 11.3.0 software and the diagnosis of skeletal class was performed using the Steiner analysis. The cephalometric measurements used for the study were PNS-AD1, AD1-Ba, PNS-Ba, Ptm-Ba, PNS-H and the upper and lower airways according to McNamara analysis. The comparative analysis was performed using only upper and lower airways variables. RESULTS: The mean values for each variable in the total sample were 23.2 mm (PNS-Ad1), 24.7 mm (Ad1-Ba), 47.6 mm (PNS-Ba), 45.7 mm (Ptm-Ba), 30.0 mm (PNS-H), 9.3 mm (upper airway) and 11.5 mm (lower airway). According to gender, all variables were greater in the boys group except for the lower airway. In relation to age, the mean values increased with age except for the lower airway and the AD1-Ba variables. In patients with skeletal Class I greater dimensions of the upper and lower airways were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In this Caucasian sample, it has been observed a tendency of minor airway dimensions in patients with skeletal Class II, lower age range female gender. It has been observed only significant differences between age and skeletal class for lower airways variable and, in relation to upper airways variable the results were significant in relation to age. Key words:Child development, Diagnostic XRay, Cephalometry, Respiratory system diagnostic imaging.

Prevalence of traumatic injuries in deciduous dentition and associated risk factors in a Spanish children population.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in primary dentition and those agents that favor them present a great variability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of TDI in a population of Spanish preschoolers in temporary dentition and identify the factors associated with these injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An epidemiological observational prevalence study was carried out. A total of 343 children aged between 3 and 5 years were selected. A questionnaire was completed in relation to socioeconomic factors, cultural level, dietary habits and oral parafunction. Through an intraoral examination, information was collected on the occlusal characteristics and the presence of TDI. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 25.0 program for Windows, using the descriptive and frequencies procedure, contingency tables, Chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of TDI in the total sample was 12.2%. The most frequent lesion was crown discoloration (0.4%) followed by crown fracture (0.1%) and avulsion (0.1%). The most affected tooth was the deciduous upper central incisor. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis the presence of dental trauma did correlate significantly with the age (5 years in reference to 3 years: OR = 4.209; 95% C.I. = 1.591-11.134; p = 0.004) and overjet (OR = 2.609; 95% C.I. = 1.306-5.214; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of these lesions in a Spanish infant population with temporary dentition is low. Only age and overjet are risk factors. Key words:Dental trauma, deciduous dentition, risk factors.

Influence of the mandibular position on various postural anatomical segments.

OBJECTIVE: To determine postural changes in relation to mandibular position in maximum intercuspation and at rest in adult patients of both sexes. METHODS: : A descriptive observational clinical study was carried out in 76 patients. Using an analyzer and the Meersseman test, the necessary dermal points for postural analysis were located. RESULTS: : The authors found significant differences in the posture adopted by the patient between maximum intercuspation and mandibular rest in the frontal, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Foot support in the right foot went from cavus to normal in 6% of the sample, and from flat to normal in 2.5% of the sample in the jaw rest position. CONCLUSION: Postural changes were observed in various segments, with clinical and statistical significance at cervical level in the frontal plane, in the biscapular variable in the dorsal plane, and at the level of the lower limbs in the bipopliteal and bimalleolar variables.

Características de la posición craneocervical con diferentes oclusiones en pacientes en desarrollo. Relación craneocervical y oclusión / Craniocervical position characteristics in regards with different occlusions in developing patients. Craniocervical relationship and occlusion

En la actualidad la relación entre oclusión y posturología despierta un gran interés científico, sobre todo de cara a la instauración de un tratamiento multidisciplinar. Sin embargo, la diversidad de estudios se refiere sobre todo a la población adulta y no hay un consenso común entre las diferentes investigaciones. En base a ello nos planteamos como objetivo estudiar la posición craneocervical en diferentes oclusiones en población en desarrollo. Mediante un diseño de carácter transversal fueron seleccionados 64 pacientes pediátricos con historia clínica completa y radiografías laterales de cráneo de calidad. Las variables analizadas mediante el software de ImageJ® y Nemoceph® fueron FP-MP, ángulo ANB, OPT-SN, CVT-SN y Ad1-Ba. El análisis estadístico descriptivo y comparativo se llevó a cabo mediante el programa programa IBM SPSS® hallan-do posteriormente la fiabilidad intraexaminador. Los valores p obtenidos para cada una de las variables fueron 0,846 para FP-MP, 0,008 para el ángulo ANB, 0,155 para OPT-SN, 0,415 para CVT-SN y 0,221 para Ad1-Ba. Por todo ello, creemos que la posición craneofacial en las diferentes oclusiones podría estar determinada por el hecho de que el desarrollo todavía no ha finalizado

Currently, the relationship between occlusion and posture arouses great scientific interest, especially during the establishment of a multidisciplinary treatment. However, the diversity of studies refers mostly to the adult population and there is no common agreement among the different investigations. Based on this, we aimed to study the craniocervical position in different occlusions in the developing pediatric population. Through a cross-sectional design, 64 pediatric patients with complete clinical history and high-quality lateral skull radiographs were selected. The variables analyzed by ImageJ® and Nemoceph® software's were FP-MP, ANB angle, OPT-SN, CVT-SN and Ad1-Ba. Descriptive and comparative statistical analysis was carried out with IBM SPSS Statistics® software, subsequently finding intra-examiner agreement. P-values obtained for each of these variables were 0.846 for FP-MP, 0.008 for ANB angle, 0.155 for OPT-SN, 0.415 for CVT-SN, and 0.221 for CVT-SN. Based on these results, we believe that the craniofacial position in the different occlusions could be determined by the fact that the development has not yet been completed

Síndrome de Marcus-Gunn / Marcus Gunn syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de Marcus-Gunn se manifiesta con retracción o elevación del párpado ptótico ante la estimulación del músculo pterigoideo del mismo lado y el término "guiño mandibular" es inapropiado ya que el párpado no siempre desciende. Puede producirse en la apertura bucal, masticación, avance mandibular, al sonreír, silbar, bruxar, sacar la lengua, deglutir, chupar, cantar, en la contracción esternocleidomastoidea, maniobra de Valsalva, respirar o inhalar. Es congénito y de modalidad rara y autosómica dominante. Objetivo: Contribuir al conocimiento de esta rara enfermedad y a su relación con el ámbito odontológico. Presentación del caso: Se trata de un niño de 3 años diagnosticado de síndrome de Marcus-Gunn en el periodo neonatal, por la observación de la madre de una apertura palpebral izquierda durante la succión nutritiva. No presenta otras enfermedades ni antecedentes de interés. En la exploración extraoral se advierte una ptosis palpebral derecha y apertura palpebral izquierda en los movimientos mandibulares y deglución. La intensidad del reflejo se incrementa en estados de ansiedad derivados del tratamiento dental. Conclusiones: el síndrome de Marcus-Gunn es una entidad rara en pediatría, en la cual sus hallazgos clínicos determinan el diagnóstico. Teniendo en cuenta que en ocasiones presentan alteraciones oculares, nada nos hace sospechar la presencia de una enfermedad oral específica(AU)

Introduction: Marcus Gunn syndrome manifests with retraction or elevation of the eyelid ptotico while stimulation of the pterygoid muscle on the same side and the term jaw-winking is inappropriate because the eyelid does not always goes down. It can occur during mouth opening, mastication, mandibular advancement, while smiling, whistling, bruxing, sticking out the tongue, swallowing, sucking, singing, during the sternocleidomastoid contraction, the Valsalva maneuver, breathing or inhaling. This syndrome is congenital and rare, and of autosomal dominant modality. Objective: To contribute to the knowledge of this rare disease and its relationship with the odontologic field. Presentation of the case: 3 years old boy diagnosed with Marcus Gunn syndrome in the neonatal period by the observation of the mother of a left palpebral opening during the nutritive sucking. He does not present other diseases or a background of interest. In the extraoral exploration, it is noticed a right palpebral ptosis and a left palpebral opening in the jaw movements and in swallowing. The intensity of the reflex increases in anxiety states arising from the dental treatment. Conclusions: Marcus Gunn syndrome is a rare entity in pediatrics, in which its clinical findings determine the diagnosis. Taking into account that sometimes it presents ocular alterations, nothing makes us suspect the presence of a specific oral disease(AU)

Acción antibacteriana in vitro de dentífricos sin flúor frente a cepas de Streptococcus mutans / In vitro antibacterial activity of fluoride-free toothpastes against Streptococcus mutans strains

RESUMEN Introducción: Los dentífricos con ingredientes activos previenen la caries dental en niños. Objetivo: Determinar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de tres dentífricos sin flúor y dos soluciones control frente a cepas estándares de Streptococccus mutans. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, prospectivo y experimental a doble ciego. Se utilizó agar tripticasa de soya con el método de difusión a 37 °C durante 24 h. Se observó el tamaño de los halos de crecimiento inhibitorio en cada grupo. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el software SPSS15, mediante pruebas estadísticas de corroboración de distribución gaussiana de Shapiro-Wilk, prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El diámetro de inhibición en gluconato de clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento fue de 26,69 mm (± 1,85), en el agua destilada de 6 mm (± 0) y para las pastas dentífricas de 6 mm (± 0) y 22,93 mm (± 3,39). Al comparar los diámetros obtenidos por la acción del gluconato de clorhexidina 0,12 por ciento y del agua destilada con los dentífricos libre de flúor, sólo en uno de los casos se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: No todos los dentífricos para la higiene bucal del bebé estudiados presentan actividad antibacteriana frente a la cepa de Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Toothpastes with active ingredients prevent dental caries in children. Objective: Determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of three fluoride-free toothpastes and two control solutions against standard Streptococccus mutans strains. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional experimental double-blind study was conducted. Trypticase soy agar was used applying the diffusion method at 37 °C for 24 h. The size of the growth inhibition haloes of each group was examined. Data analysis was based on SPSS15 software, using Shapiro-Wilk Gaussian distribution corroboration statistical tests, and the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Inhibition diameter was 26.69 mm (± 1.85) for 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate, 6 mm (± 0) for distilled water, and 6 mm (± 0) and 22.93 mm (± 3.39) for the toothpastes. Comparison of the diameters obtained by the action of 0.12 percent chlorhexidine gluconate and distilled water with the fluoride-free toothpastes revealed statistically significant differences in only one of the cases (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Not all the baby toothpastes studied display antibacterial activity against the Streptococcus mutans strain ATCC 25175(AU)

Estudio de los trastornos del sueño infantil y su asociación con el posible bruxismo del sueño / Study of sleep disorders in childhood and their association whith the possible sleep bruxism

Objetivo: Estudiar en población infantil la asociación entre el bruxismo del sueño (SB) informado por padres y los trastornos del sueño. Material y métodos: A través de un cuestionario tipo Likert aplicado en 43 padres que acompañaban a sus hijos a la consulta de odontopediatría en una clínica en la comunidad de Madrid, se evaluaron la presencia de ruidos o rechinamiento dentario durante el sueño, variables clínicas relacionadas con los trastornos temporomandibulares y las diferentes conductas observadas en el sueño según la escala de trastornos del sueño para población infantil de O.Bruni previamente validada. Resultados: Los padres que informaron la presencia de bruxismo del sueño en sus hijos /as tenían resultados positivos con mayor frecuencia en la asociacion con los trastornos del sueño (60%), respecto a los padres que no reflejaron presencia de bruxismo (40%); siendo este resultado estadísticamente significativo (P=0,000). En cuanto a los diferentes trastornos del sueño evaluados, los que presentaron asociación con el bruxismo del sueño informado fueron los trastornos de transición sueño-vigilia (p=0,00) y respiratorios del sueño (P=0,01) Conclusiones: Algunos trastornos durante el sueño de los niños/as pueden estar asociadas con la presencia bruxismo del sueño

Objective: To study the association between sleep bruxism (SB) in a childhood population, informed by parents and sleep disorders. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive cross-sectional pilot study was conducted. The presence of noises or dental grinding during sleep, possible temporomandibular disorders and the different behaviors observed in the sleep; were evaluated according to the Bruni scale. A Likert-type questionnaire was applied to 43 parents who accompanied their children to the dental clinic in a pediatric dentistry clinic. Results: Parents who reported the presence of SB had positive results more frequently in relation to the presence of sleep disorders (60%), with respect to those who did not report the presence of SB (40%), being statistically significant (P=0.000). Regarding the evaluated different type of sleep disorders, those who presented an association with statistically significant results, concerning reported sleep bruxism, were sleep-related breathing disorders (P = 0.01) and sleep-wake transition disorders (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Sleep disorders, including the behaviors of sleep and wake transition disorders and sleep-related breathing disorders, may be associated with the presence of Bruxism in childhood sleep